History of Arda

Music of the Ainur

The supreme deity of Tolkien's universe is called Eru Ilúvatar. In the beginning, Ilúvatar created spirits named the Ainur from his thoughts, and some were considered brothers or sisters. Ilúvatar made divine music with them. Melkor, who was then the most powerful of the Ainur, broke the harmony of the music, until Ilúvatar began first a second theme, and then a third theme, which the Ainur could not comprehend since they were not the source of it. The essence of their song symbolized the history of the whole universe and the Children of Ilúvatar that were to dwell in it — the Men and the Elves.

Then Ilúvatar created Eä, which means "to be," the universe itself, and formed within it Arda, the Earth, "globed within the void": the world together with the three airs is set apart from Ava-Kuma, the "void" without. The first 15 of the Ainur that descended to Arda, and the most powerful ones, were called Valar, and the Ainur of lesser might that came with them were called Maiar.

Valian Years and the Years of the Lamps

The Valian Years began when the Ainur entered Arda. This definition of a year, named for the Valar, continued to be used during later periods that used different definitions of a year, such as the Years of the Lamps, the Years of the Trees, and the Years of the Sun. The Valian years continued to be measured in Aman after the first sunrise, but Tolkien provided no dates for events in Aman after that point. The account in Valian years is generally not used when describing the events of Beleriand and Middle-earth.

After the Valar entered Arda, there was a light veiling the ground. The Valar took this light and concentrated it into two large lamps, Iluin and Ormal Thus began the Years of the Lamps. The Vala Aulë raised great pillar-like mountains called Ringal and Helkar, one in the furthest north, and another in the deepest south, to put the lamps on. The Valar lived in the middle, at the island of Almaren upon the Great Lake. The end of the Years of the Lamps was marked by Melkor's destruction of the Two Lamps.

Years of the Trees

Shortly after the destruction of the Two Lamps, Yavanna made the Two Trees, named Telperion (the silver tree) and Laurelin (the gold tree) in the land of Aman, where the Valar had gone after the fall of the lamps destroyed Almaren. The Trees illumined Aman, leaving Middle-earth in darkness, save for the light of the stars, which were dimmer at the time.

The Elves awoke in Cuiviénen when Varda made new, brighter stars, and were soon approached by the Vala Oromë, but also by Melkor's allies. This event marked the beginning of the First Age. Many of the Elves were persuaded to go on the Great Journey westwards towards Aman. All the elves that went are named the Eldar, and those that stayed are called the Avari. Along the journey several groups of Elves tarried, notably the Nandor and the Sindar. These are called the Úmanyar, the Eldar that never saw the light of the Two Trees. The three clans that arrived at Aman were the Vanyar, most of the Noldor and some of the Teleri.

The Valar had captured Melkor and placed him in chains in Aman, after a war with him for the Elves' sake. After three Ages he appeared to repent and was released, and he sowed great discord among the Elves, and stirred up rivalry between the Noldorin King Finwë's two sons Fëanor and Fingolfin. With the help of the primordial spirit Ungoliant he destroyed the Two Trees and escaped to Middle-earth; then out of jealousy and lust for the Silmarils—three gems crafted by Fëanor that contained the light of the Two Trees—he stole them, killing Finwë who was guarding the jewels.

Bitter at the Valar's inactivity, Fëanor and his house left to pursue Melkor, cursing him with the name 'Morgoth,' which means "black enemy of the world". They also made vows that they would take the Silmarils at any cost. A larger host, commanded by Fingolfin followed him. They reached the Telerin port city of Alqualondë, and were forbidden to use the Telerin ships. Fëanor decided to take them by force and thus the first Kinslaying ensued and only by the strength in numbers were the Teleri overcome and their fair ships stolen.

Fëanor's host sailed on the vessels, and burned them when he arrived in Middle-earth. Left behind, Fingolfin and his company crossed over to Middle-earth through the Grinding Ice in the far north. The crossing was bitter, and for some, deadly. Around the same time, but separately, Galadriel and Celeborn set sail for Middle-earth without the permission of the Valar.

Years of the Sun

The Years of the Sun began when the Valar made the Sun and the Moon out of the final fruit of Laurelin and the final flower of Telperion and set them in the heavens. Thereafter years were reckoned in Middle-earth as they are in our own real world. The First Age of the Children of Ilúvatar continued into this new reckoning of time.

Ages of the Children of Ilúvatar

First Age

Fëanor was soon lost in an attack on Morgoth's Balrogs — but his sons survived, and founded realms, as did the followers of Fingolfin, who reached Beleriand after Fëanor's death.

The Noldor for a time besieged Morgoth's stronghold of Angband, resulting in the Long Peace. This Peace lasted hundreds of years; during which time Men arrived over the Blue Mountains. But the peace was not to last; and one by one the kingdoms — even the hidden ones of Gondolin and Doriath — fell. The initial battle that allowed Morgoth's forces to break free of the Siege of Angband was aptly named Dagor Bragollach, or The Battle of Sudden Flame. Morgoth issued flames and lava from Angband which enveloped the surrounding area. A mighty force was then sent forth to break their centuries long siege.

At the end of the age, all that remained of free Elves and Men in Beleriand was a settlement at the mouth of the River Sirion and another settlement on the isle of Balar. Eärendil had possession of a Silmaril, which his wife Elwing's ancestors Beren and Lúthien had taken from Morgoth. But the Fëanorians had a claim on the Silmaril still and so there was another Kinslaying. Eärendil and Elwing took the Silmaril across the Great Sea, to beg the Valar for aid against Morgoth.

They responded. A great battle, the War of Wrath, ensued. Melkor was exiled into the Void; and most of his works were destroyed. This came at a terrible cost, as most of Beleriand itself was sunk.

Second Age

The Men who had remained faithful were given the island of Númenor, in the middle of the Great Sea, and there they established a great Kingdom; and the White Tree of Númenor was planted in the King's city of Armenelos; and it was said that while that tree stood in the King's courtyard, the reign of Númenor would yet last. The Elves were granted pardon for the sins of Fëanor, and were allowed to return home to the Undying Lands.

The Númenóreans became great seafarers, and were learned and wise beyond all other men; and they were granted a lifespan three times that of other mortal men; and at first, they held to the Ban of the Valar, never sailing into the Undying Lands. And so they travelled east, and coming to Middle-earth they helped teach the lesser men valuable skills. After a time, they became jealous of the Elves for their immortality. Meanwhile, in Middle-earth it became apparent that Sauron, Morgoth's chief servant, was still active. He worked with Elven smiths, especially Celebrimbor, the grandson of Fëanor in Eregion on the craft of rings, and secretly forged the One Ring in the fires of Mount Doom to dominate them all. But as soon as Sauron put on the One Ring, The Elves were aware of him and removed theirs. Sauron then made war on the elves, and nearly destroyed them utterly; but when it seemed defeat was imminent, the Númenóreans, led by Tar-Minastir, joined the battle and completely crushed the forces of Sauron, thus saving Gil-galad and the elves of Middle-earth from obliteration. Sauron never forgot the ruin brought to his armies by the Númenóreans, and made it his goal to destroy them by whatever means necessary.

Towards the end of the age, the Númenóreans were growing increasingly proud. Now rather than helping the lesser Men of Middle-earth, they sought to dominate them and establish kingdoms abroad. Ar-Pharazôn, the last and most powerful of the Kings of Númenor, humbled even Sauron and brought him to Númenor as a hostage, although this was Sauron's goal. Sauron quickly worked his way into Ar-Pharazôn's court, and became high priest in the cult of Melkor. At this time, the Faithful (who still worshipped Eru Ilúvatar), were persecuted openly by those called the King's Men, and were sacrificed in the name of Melkor. Eventually, with the help of the power of the One Ring, Sauron even convinced Ar-Pharazôn to attempt to invade Aman, promising that immortality would result.

Amandil, chief of the Faithful, sailed westward to warn the Valar of this. His son Elendil and grandsons Isildur and Anárion prepared to flee eastwards, taking with them a seedling of the White Tree of Númenor before Sauron destroyed it, and the palantíri, gifts of the elves. When the King's men had landed on Aman, the Valar lay down their guardianship of the world and called for Ilúvatar to intervene.

The world was changed into a sphere, and the straight road from Middle-earth to Aman was broken. Númenor was utterly destroyed, as was the fair body of Sauron; however his spirit drifted back to Mordor, where he again took up the One Ring and gathered his strength once more. Elendil and his sons were spared, and together with the remainder of the Faithful, they found safe passage to Middle-earth, where they founded the realms in exile of Gondor and Arnor.

Sauron arose again and challenged them. The Elves allied with Men to form the Last Alliance. For seven years, the Alliance laid siege to Barad-dûr, until at last Sauron himself joined the battle field. And there he slew Elendil, High King of Gondor and Arnor, as well as Gil-galad, King of the Elves of Middle Earth. But when it seemed all was lost, Isildur took up the hilt of Narsil, his father's now shattered sword, and cut the One Ring from Sauron's hand. And Sauron was defeated, but not utterly destroyed. For Isildur ignored the counsel of Elrond, and rather than destroy the Ring in the fires of Mount Doom, he kept it for himself. But the Ring betrayed him, as it slipped from his finger as he was escaping from an Orc ambush at the Gladden Fields. Isildur was slain, and the Ring fell into the Anduin River, where it was lost for a time.

Third Age

The Third Age saw the rise in power of the realms of Arnor and Gondor, and their fall. Arnor was divided into three petty Kingdoms, which fell one by one, whilst Gondor fell victim to Kin-strife, plague, Wainriders, and Corsairs. In this time, the line of the Kings of Gondor ends, with the House of the Stewards ruling in their stead. Meanwhile, the heirs of Isildur from the fallen kingdom of Arnor wander Middle-earth, aided only by Elrond in Rivendell; but the line of rightful heirs remains unbroken throughout the age.

The Wizards arrive during this period to aid the Free Peoples, most importantly Gandalf and Saruman.

By the time of The Lord of the Rings, Sauron had recovered again, and was seeking the One Ring. He discovered that it was in the possession of a Hobbit named Baggins, and sent out the Ringwraiths to find him and retrieve it.

The Ring-bearer, Frodo Baggins, is sent to Rivendell, where it is decided that the One Ring must be destroyed once and for all — and it can only be unmade in the fiery depths of Mount Doom where it was forged. He sets out on this quest with eight other companions who comprise the Fellowship of the Ring: Legolas, a woodland elf, Gimli, a dwarf of Balin's clan, Boromir, a lord of Gondor, Aragorn, a Dúnedain ranger of the North, Gandalf, and three hobbits of the Shire, Sam Gamgee, Peregrin Took and Meriadoc Brandybuck. Gandalf falls in battle with a Balrog in the deeps of Moria, and Boromir, after trying to take the ring from Frodo, falls defending Merry and Pippin. It seemed as though hope was lost, but miraculously, it is revealed that Gandalf was "sent back" from his apparent death to help men, no longer as Gandalf the Grey, but now as the more powerful Gandalf the White.

During this time, it becomes clear that one of the Wizards, Saruman the White, has betrayed the Fellowship, and he makes war on Rohan. However, his army is defeated at Helm's Deep, and the Ents destroy his stronghold at Isengard. Following this defeat, Sauron strikes quickly, taking the city of Osgiliath and laying siege to Minas Tirith, the capital of Gondor. But he is defeated at Minas Tirith, as the rightful heir to the throne of Gondor, Aragorn, leads an army of the dead there, saving the forces of Gondor and Rohan from destruction, and instead utterly destroying Sauron's army. Sauron's chief lieutenant, the Witch-king of Angmar, leader of the Ringwraiths, is defeated during the battle.

At this time, Aragorn, through the use of a palantír recovered after the fall of Isengard, reveals himself to the Dark Lord, and marches to the gates of Barad-dûr calling for battle, thus keeping the eye of Sauron focused on the ongoing war rather than the mission of Frodo.

After a long and difficult journey, he and Sam Gamgee finally complete the mission and destroy the One Ring, succeeding largely due to an unforeseen event that was out of their control. Sauron is thus destroyed forever. The armies of the West, led by Gandalf and Aragorn, on the brink of defeat and annihilation, thus claim victory.

Aragorn takes his place as King of the Reunited Kingdom of Arnor and Gondor, at last restoring the line of Kings from the Stewards of Gondor. Aragorn marries the daughter of Elrond, Arwen. And as the age ends, Gandalf and many of the remaining elves of Middle-earth leave in a ship which departs from the Grey Havens, and go to Aman. With them are Bilbo and Frodo, who are granted passage for their trials as Ring-bearers.

Cronologia

Terceira Era

• 2 Isildur planta a Árvore Branca em Minas Anor. Isildur é emboscado e morto por Orcs. O Um Anel desaparece.

• 109 Casamento de Elrond e Celebrían.

• 241 Nascimento de Arwen Evenstar.

• 490 Gondor é invadida por homens do leste, os Easterlings e Southrons.

• 861 Divisão de Arnor em Arthedain, Rhudaur e Cardolan.

• 1000 Os Istari chegam a Terra Média.

• 1050 Gondor conquista Harad.Uma sombra negra cai sobre a Floresta Verde Os Harfoots passam pelas Montanhas Nubladas e se estabelecem em Eriador.

• 1100 Os primeiros males de Sauron voltar a ser vistos na Terra Média.Os Cavaleiros Negros, reaparecem.

• 1050 Os Hobbits das famílias Fallohide e Stoor passam pelas Montanhas Nubladas.

• 1300 Os Nazgûl reaparecem na Terra Média. O Reino de Morgul é fundado.Os Hobbits viajam para oeste. Alguns chegam a Bree e se estabelecem por lá.

• 1409 O Bruxo-Rei de Angmar invade os reinos do norte.

• 1432 Inicia-se uma guerra civil em Gondor.

• 1601 Fundação do Shire e início da contagem do tempo pelo Shire.

• 1944 Gondor é atacada por forças de Mordor.

• 1974 As forças de Angmar capturam Fornost.Os remanescentes dos reinos do norte são destruídos.

• 1975 Eänur de Gondor leva uma poderosa força de guerra para o norte.É tarde para salvar os reinos do norte, mas Angmar é destruída.

• 1979 Bucca da família dos Marish torna-se o primeiro dos Thain do Shire.

• 1980 Os Anões de Moria despertam a Perdição de Durin.Retorno dos Nazgûl a Mordor.Os últimos Anões fogem de Kazad-dûm deixando-a para o Balrog.

• 1981 Perca de Nimrodel e Amroth.

• 1999 Após anos de exílio os Anões de Kazad-dûm fundam Erebor.

• 2000 Os Nazgûl saem de Mordor e atacam Minas Tirith.

• 2002 Os Nazgûl capturam Minas Ithil, renomeada de Minas Morgul.

• 2050 Morre Eärnur, o último Rei de Gondor.

• 2210 Os Anões de Durin deixam Erebor e vão para as Montanhas Cinzentas.

• 2238 Nascimento de Óin, mas tarde Rei das montanhas Cinzentas.Nascimento de Náin. Mais tarde Náin II, Rei das Montanhas Cinzentas.

• 2340 Fundação da Terra dos Buques.Isumbras torna-se o primeiro Took a ser Thain do Shire.

• 2385 Morre o Rei Glóin, ele é sucedido por Óin.

• 2463 Formação do Conselho Branco.Gollum se apodera do Um Anel.

• 2480 Sauron manda Orcs e Trolls para as Montanhas Cinzentas.

• 2488 Morte do Rei Óin, ele é sucedido por seu filho, Náin.

• 2497 Nascimento de Aravorn. Mais tarde líder dos Dúnedain.

• 2510 Os Rohirrin pedem ajuda a Gondor e recebem Calehardhon como morada.Partida esposa de Elrond para o oeste.

• 2585 Morte do Rei Náin II, ele é sucedido por seu filho Dáin.

• 2588 Morte de Aragost líder dos Dúnedain. Ele havia sucedido Aravorn.

• 2589 Dáin I e seu filho são mortos por um dos Dragões de Morgoth.

• 2590 Os Anões de Durin retornam a Erebor.

• 2654 Morte de Aravorn, líder dos Dúnedain. Ele foi sucedido por seu filho, Arahad II.

• 2710 Os Dunlendigs capturam Isengard.

• 2746 Nascimento de Thórin, depois chamado de Escudo de Carvalho.

• 2759 Saruman ganha as chaves de Ortanc oferecidas por Gondor.

• 2770 Smaug chega ao Reino de Erebor e destrói a cidade de Dale.

• 2790 Thór é morto em Moria por Azog.

• 2799 Inicio da Batalha de Azanulbizar, a última e maior da Guerra entre Anões e Orcs.Morte de Azog, líder dos Orcs.

• 2850 Thráin II morre nas masmorras de Dol Guldur.Seu filho Thórin se torna o Rei do povo de Durin.

• 2851 O Conselho Branco descobre que o Necromante é na verdade Sauron disfarçado.

• 2879 Nascimento de Gimli, depois conhecido como amigo dos Elfos.

• 2885 Gondor e Rohan derrotam uma força de Haradrim.

• 2890 Nascimento de Bilbo Baggins no Shire.

• 2911 No pior inverno de sua história, lobos brancos invadem o Shire.

• 2920 Morre Gerontius, o mais velho dos Took.

• 2922 Início da Campanha

15 de outubro: Radagast e seus companheiros chegam em Pelargir em busca de informações sobre um artefato que poderia ajudar encontrar Ungoliant e aquilo que pudesse matá-la

• 2926 Morre Bungo Baggins, pai de Bilbo Baggins.

• 2931 1 de Março. Nascimento de Aragorn II, depois Elessar de Gondor.

• 2933 Morre o pai de Aragorn.

• 2934 Morre Belladonna Took, mãe de Bilbo Baggins.

• 2941 Início da jornada de Bilbo Baggins a Erebor, com Gandalf e Thórin.Smaug é morto por Bard.Expulsão do Necromante de Dol-Guldur pelo Conselho Branco.Julho: Bilbo Baggins encontra o Um Anel nas Montanhas Cinzentas.

Outubro: ocorre a Batalha dos Cinco Exércitos.

• 2942 Retorno de Sauron a Mordor.

• 2951 Começa a reconstrução de Barad-dûr.Os Nazgûl são enviados para Dol-Guldur.

• 2953 Acontece a última reunião do Conselho Branco.

• 2978 Nascimento de Boromir, filho de Denethor II de Gondor.

• 2980 Morrem Drogo Baggins e sua mulher Primula em um acidente de barco.6 de April (?) Nascimento de Samwise Gamgee.

• 2985 Nascimento de Meliot Brandybuck no shire.

• 2989 Frodo Baggins é adotado por Bilbo.Frodo muda-se da Terra dos Buques para Fim-do-Saco.Balin inicia sua tentativa de recolonizar Moria.

• 2990 Nascimento de Peregrin Took.

• 2994 A tentativa de Balin de recolonizar Moria acaba em desastre.

• 3001 22 de setembro, festa de aniversário de Bilbo e sua partida para Rivendell.

• 3003 Bilbo Baggins inicia seus trabalhos de tradução do idioma Élfico.

• 3018

12 de abril. Gandalf retorna ao Shire e conta a Frodo sobre o Um Anel.20 de junho. Sauron ataca Gondor e os Elfos da Floresta. É o início da Guerra

10 de julho. Saruman aprisiona Gandalf na Torre de Orthanc

23 de setembro. Frodo deixa hobbiton.

25 de outubro. Acontece o concílio de Elrond.

• 3019

15 de janeiro. Gandalf e o Balrog caem da ponte de Kazad-dûm.

23 de janeiro. Gandalf e o Balrog lutam em Zirakzigil.

25 de janeiro. Gandalf derrota a Perdição de Durin em Zirakzigil.

16 de fevereiro. A Companhia do Anel parte de Lórien.

26 de fevereiro. Boromir é morto por Orcs e a Companhia do Anel desfeita.

3 de março. Destruição de isengard pelos Ents.

14 de março. Uma disputa se inicia na torre de Cirth Ungol.

14 e 15 de março. A Batalha de Pellenor Fields.

15 de março . Denethor morre em sua pira.

25 de março. Destruição do Um Anel e queda de Sauron e dos Nazgûl.

6 de abril. Celeborn e Thranduil renomeian Mirkwood como Eryn Lasgalen.

1 de maio. Coroação de Aragorn II - Elessar

1 de novembro. Saruman morre nas mãos de Gríma. É o fim da Guerra do Anel.

• 3021

29 de setembro. A partida para as Terras Imortais dos Guardiões do Anel.

Os Povos da Terra-Média

Elfos

According to some accounts, the first Elves are awakened by Eru Ilúvatar near the bay of Cuiviénen during the Years of the Trees in the First Age. They awake under the starlit sky, as the Sun and Moon have yet to be created. The first Elves to awake are three pairs: Imin ("First") and his wife Iminyë, Tata ("Second") and Tatië, and Enel ("Third") and Enelyë.

Imin, Tata, and Enel and their wives join up and walk through the forests. They come across six, nine, and twelve pairs of Elves, and each "patriarch" claims the pairs as his folk in order. The now sixty Elves dwell by the rivers, and they invent poetry and music in Middle-earth (the continent). Journeying further, they come across eighteen pairs of Elves watching the stars, whom Tata claims as his. These are tall and dark-haired, the fathers of most of the Noldor. The ninety-six Elves now invented many new words. Continuing their journey, they find twenty-four pairs of Elves, singing without language, and Enel adds them to his people. These are the ancestors of most of the Lindar or "singers", later called Teleri. They find no more Elves; Imin's people, the smallest group, are the ancestors of the Vanyar. All in all they number 144. Because all Elves had been found in groups of twelve, twelve becomes their base number and 144 their highest number (for a long time), and none of the later Elvish languages have a common name for a greater number.

They were discovered by the Vala Oromë, who brought the tidings of their awakening to Valinor.

The Silmarillion states that Melkor, the Dark Lord, had already captured some wandering Elves, and twisted and mutilated them until they became the Orcs.

Sindar

In the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, the fictional Sindar (meaning Grey People, singular Sinda, although the latter term was not generally used by Tolkien) are Elves of Telerin descent. They are also known as the Grey Elves. Their language is Sindarin. The King of Doriath, Elu Thingol was the King of the Sindar.

The Sindar were happy in Middle-earth, but once the desire for the Sea was aroused in them, they could not be content until they sailed to Eldamar. Although less learned and powerful than the Calaquendi and less interested in crafts than the Noldor, they were extremely gifted in music, and their voices were very fair.

The Sindar are "grey" perhaps because they were not Elves of the Light, never having actually set foot in Valinor, but neither were they Avari, since they did accept the invitation and set out on the journey (and therefore were technically counted among the Eldar). They are sometimes referred to as Elves of the Twilight. The term grey may also refer to Elu Thingol's grey cloak. The term Sindar is actually not Sindarin in origin: it is the Quenya name devised by the Noldorin exiles. It may also be related to Lindar, the Telerin name for themselves. The name that the Sindar used for themselves was simply Edhil ("Elves", singular Edhel). When the Teleri left for Aman, they called themselves the Eglath, the Forsaken Ones.

The Teleri were the greatest host of the Eldar. They had two kings, the brothers Elwë Singollo (or Elu Thingol as he was later known in the Sindarin tongue) and Olwë. When the Teleri reached Beleriand during the Great Journey from Cuiviénen, Thingol went wandering in the forests as was his wont. In the forest of Nan Elmoth he met Melian, one of the Maiar. They fell in love, and with Melian, Thingol stood spellbound in Nan Elmoth for several years.

In the meantime, Olwë and many of the Teleri could not delay longer, and went to Aman without Elwë and his following. Elwë's followers stayed in Beleriand, to search for their king. At long last he awoke from the spell and set up a kingdom in the midst of Beleriand: Eglador (Land of the Forsaken, or Land of the Elves. The etymology is not clear.). The Dwarves of Nogrod and Belegost in the Ered Luin (Blue Mountains) were contracted to aid in the building of the city of Menegroth (the Thousand Caves).

Other Teleri also stayed behind: these were the friends of Ossë the Maia, who had fallen in love with the shores of Middle-earth, and did not wish to depart. Their leader was Círdan, and they established cities at Eglarest and Brithombar. They were known as the Falathrim, or Elves of the Falas (Shore). They were not part of the realm of Eglador, but still took Thingol as their King.

Yet other stray bands of Teleri settled in Nevrast and Hithlum to the north of Eglador, although these did not form any realms.

The Teleri of Eglador, the northlands (Mithrim), and the Falas were collectively known as the Sindar, or Grey Elves, in later days, because they developed a civilization all its own, which almost equalled that of the Calaquendi or Light Elves of Valinor.

A last group of Teleri in Beleriand were the Laiquendi or Green Elves: they were descended from the Nandor, which had split from the Great Journey before the Hithaeglir (Misty Mountains), and gone south along the Great River (Anduin). A part of them, under Denethor son of Dan, crossed the Blue Mountains eventually, and settled in Ossiriand, or as it was later known Lindon (land of the singers). They remained a people apart for long, although many of them removed to Thingol's realm after Denethor was killed.

Just before the arrival of the Noldorin exiles, the Dark Lord Morgoth returned to his old stronghold of Angband, and his activities increased. Thingol had Melian use her magic to create a girdle of bewilderment around Eglador, so that nobody could enter without the king's permission. Ever after it was known as Doriath (Land of the Fence). Thingol remained High King of the Sindar and nominal Overlord of Beleriand, although especially the Noldor following of the sons of Fëanor usually ignored his commands.

The language of the Sindar diverged from common Telerin over the long ages they were sundered from their kin, and became known as Sindarin. By the time the Noldor arrived in Beleriand, the languages had become mutually unintelligible, but the Noldor were quick to learn it. In the Second and Third Age, Sindarin became known as the Noble Tongue, and became the Elvish tongue used in daily speech throughout Middle-earth (helped by the decree of Thingol, who forbade the use of the Noldorin language in his realm). It was also adopted for daily use by the Númenóreans, and remained somewhat in use in the Realms in Exile of Gondor and Arnor.

Sindarin eventually replaced Noldorin Quenya as the language used by the Noldor in Beleriand, even in predominantly Noldorin settlements, with the exception of Gondolin, where Turgon revived Quenya. Elsewhere, Quenya survived as a language of knowledge, taking the same role as Latin today.

The Peredhil, Elrond and Elros, were partially of Sindarin Elven descent, as their mother Elwing was the daughter of Dior, the son of Lúthien, the daughter of Thingol and Melian.

Silvan

Silvan Elves (more properly called "Tawarwaith") are of Nandorin descent but also mixed with Avari, Sindar and Noldor and governed by Sindarin rulers. Examples of these rulers are Thranduil king of northern Mirkwood, Amdír, and his son, Amroth, the last Sindarin prince of Lórien before the rule of Galadriel and Celeborn (of Noldorin/Telerin and Sindarin descent, respectively).

Silvan Elves are described as being less wise than other Eldar, and some of them almost are indistinguishable from the Avari, those who never joined the Great Journey.

Dwarfs

In The Silmarillion, the Dwarves are described as shorter and stockier than Elves and Men[citation needed], able to withstand both heat and cold. Though they are mortal, Dwarves have an average lifespan of 250 years.

In The Lord of the Rings Tolkien writes that they breed slowly, for no more than a third of them are female, and not all marry; also, female Dwarves look and sound (and dress, if journeying — which is rare) so alike to Dwarf-males that other folk cannot distinguish them, and thus others wrongly believe Dwarves grow out of stone. Tolkien names only one female, Dís. In The War of the Jewels Tolkien says both males and females have beards.

Tolkien's Dwarves, much like their mythical forebears, are great metalworkers, smiths and stoneworkers. Fierce in battle, their main weapons are axes (referenced in many subsequent fantasy works), but they also use bows, swords, shields and mattocks. Unlike other fantasy dwarves, Tolkien does not explicitly have them use war hammers.

Since they lived underground, Dwarves did not grow their own food supplies if they could help it, and usually obtained food through trade with Elves and Men. In the essay 'Of Dwarves and Men' in The Peoples of Middle-earth it is written that Dwarven and human communities often formed relationships where the Men were the prime suppliers of food, farmers and herdsmen, while the Dwarves supplied tools and weapons, road-building and construction work.

Unlike Elves and Men, created by the supreme God Ilúvatar, Dwarves were created by the Vala (angelic being) Aulë.

Throughout the First Age and most of the Second Age, the Dwarves maintain mostly friendly trading relationships with Men and Elves (the Dwarves of Nogrod's treachery of Thingol being an exception). However, in the Third Age, particularly after the closure of Moria, they grow mistrustful of Elves, though in later times cordial relations are established with the Elves of Mirkwood and the Men of Dale. They also maintain somewhat ambivalent relations with Hobbits for most of the Third Age, although after the mission to retake the Lonely Mountain Bilbo Baggins is held in great esteem there.